Lower socioeconomic status is associated with an increased risk of spina bifida.

• A. Not enough information
• B. True
• C. False
• D. Not sure

Answer: (B)

Lower socioeconomic status influences risk for neural tube defects like spina bifida through multiple interacting factors that affect early fetal development. Neural tube closure happens very early in pregnancy, and adequate folate intake is a key protective factor. Individuals with lower SES often have less access to prenatal care, lower folate intake, limited use of vitamins, higher rates of obesity and diabetes, more smoking, and greater exposure to adverse environmental conditions. Fortification and public health efforts have reduced risk, but disparities remain, leading to a higher observed risk in lower SES groups. So the statement is true.