Which statement best describes musculoskeletal risks in children with spina bifida?

• A. Torticollis, scoliosis, dislocated hips, and club feet
• B. Only scoliosis
• C. Only torticollis
• D. No increased risk

Answer: (D)

Spina bifida often leads to multiple musculoskeletal problems because motor and sensory impairment, along with abnormal bone and joint development, create muscle imbalances and altered forces on the skeleton. This makes spinal curvature (scoliosis), hip instability or dislocation, and foot deformities (like clubfeet) common. Torticollis can occur from neck muscle imbalance, but it’s not the sole or primary risk compared with the spinal and hip issues.

Therefore, the statement that lists several musculoskeletal risks—torticollis, scoliosis, dislocated hips, and club feet—best describes the reality, reflecting that these children have increased risk for multiple musculoskeletal problems. Saying there is no increased risk is not accurate, and focusing on only one issue (scoliosis or torticollis) underestimates the spectrum of potential musculoskeletal complications.