Which two sensory systems are implicated in the dysfunctions described in this material?

• A. Vestibulo-proprioceptive and tactile-proprioceptive
• B. Visual-auditory
• C. Olfactory-gustatory
• D. Somatosensory and proprioceptive only

Answer: (A)

Integration of balance and body awareness signals is essential for coordinated movement. The vestibular system provides information about head position and movement, supporting postural control and gaze stabilization. Proprioception tells us where our body parts are in space and the sense of force in muscles and joints. When dysfunctions affect movement, coordination, and balance as described in rehab contexts, these systems—especially their interplay with tactile feedback—are commonly implicated. The combination of vestibular and proprioceptive processing, often with tactile input, best accounts for deficits in planning and executing movement in space. The other pairings miss the critical role of balance and head- movement sensing (vestibular), which is central to many motor coordination issues, making them less fitting given the described dysfunctions.